Thyroid cancer occurs due to the rapid and abnormal growth of cells in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and weight. Compared to other types of cancer, thyroid cancer is relatively rare. Early detection can help improve patient survival rates.
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Types of Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is classified into several types based on the affected cells:
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Papillary Thyroid Cancer
The most common type, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It tends to grow slowly and is often found in individuals aged 30-50 years. This type has the highest recovery rate compared to others.
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Follicular Thyroid Cancer
Accounts for approximately 10-15% of thyroid cancer cases. It is more common in older individuals and can spread to the lungs or bones.
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Medullary Thyroid Cancer
A type of thyroid cancer associated with a genetic syndrome called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN).
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Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
The rarest and most aggressive type. It is usually found in older individuals, spreads rapidly to other tissues, and is the most difficult to cure.
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Thyroid Lymphoma
A very rare type of thyroid cancer that develops from lymphocyte cells within the thyroid gland.
Causes and Risk Factors
Thyroid cancer is caused by genetic mutations in thyroid cells, leading to rapid, aggressive, and abnormal cell growth. The exact cause of these mutations is still unknown.
However, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing thyroid cancer, including:
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Radiation Exposure
Exposure to radiation in the head and neck, especially during childhood, increases the risk of thyroid cancer. Radiation exposure may come from past cancer treatments.
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Family History
Having family members with thyroid cancer or certain genetic syndromes such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN).
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Gender and Age
Women are more susceptible to thyroid cancer than men. The risk increases with age.
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Certain Thyroid Conditions
A history of thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or goiter may also increase the risk.
Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer
To diagnose thyroid cancer, a doctor may conduct a physical examination to check for lumps or swelling. Additional tests may include:
- Blood Tests: To measure thyroid hormone levels and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to produce images of the thyroid gland and detect nodules or lumps.
- Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from a thyroid nodule and examined in a laboratory.
- Radioactive Scan: Uses radioactive isotopes to assess thyroid gland activity and function.
- CT Scan or MRI: Evaluates the spread of cancer to other areas of the body.
Treatment for Thyroid Cancer
The choice of treatment depends on the type, size, and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Treatment options include:
- Surgery: Partial or total thyroid removal (thyroidectomy) is the primary treatment for most thyroid cancers.
- Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Used after surgery to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue or cancer cells.
- Thyroid Hormone Therapy: Patients take synthetic thyroid hormones to replace lost hormone function and suppress TSH production, which could stimulate cancer growth.
- External Radiation Therapy: Used for cancers that cannot be fully removed by surgery or that have spread to other parts of the body.
- Chemotherapy: Rarely used for thyroid cancer but may be necessary for anaplastic thyroid cancer or if the cancer has spread extensively.
Preventing Thyroid Cancer
Although there is no definitive way to prevent thyroid cancer, the following steps may help reduce the risk:
- Avoid radiation exposure
- Maintain a balanced iodine intake by consuming iodized salt and iodine-rich foods
- Regular health check-ups, especially for those with a family history of thyroid cancer or genetic conditions, for early detection
When to See a Doctor?
If you experience suspicious symptoms, consult a doctor immediately for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Feel free to visit the Advanced Thyroid Center at Mandaya Royal Hospital. Equipped with specialized thyroid surgeons, we provide the best services for thyroid cancer treatment.
At Mandaya Hospital, you will receive care from multiple specialists with different expertise to ensure the most optimal diagnosis and treatment approach.
Supported by experienced specialists and advanced medical equipment, we offer treatments ranging from medication to ablation procedures for thyroid cancer.
Book an appointment now through WhatsApp Chat, Book Appointment, or the Care Dokter app, available on Google Play and the App Store, for easy visits, queue tracking, and complete information.